01. Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Amalgam?
02. A comparison of three different methods for the quantification of the in vitro wear of dental materials
03. A retrospective clinical study on longevity of posterior composite and amalgam restorations
04. A statistical evaluation of microtensile bond strength methodology for dental adhesives
05. Antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation
06. Bonding effectiveness of adhesive luting agents to enamel and dentin
07. Characterization of nanofilled compared to universal and microfilled composites
08. Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel–dentin adhesives: A systematic review
09. Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: A systematic review of current clinical trials
10. Color changes of resin composites in the reflectance and transmittance modes
11. Cyclic fatigue in water of veneer-framework composites for all-ceramic dental bridges
12. Effect of in-office tooth bleaching on the microhardness of six dental esthetic restorative materials
13. Effect of mechanical cycling on the flexural strength of densely sintered ceramics
14. Effect of temperature on the silane coupling agents when bonding core resin to quartz fiber posts
15. Effects of etching time of primary dentin on interface morphology and microtensile bond strength
16. Efficient 3D finite element analysis of dental restorative procedures using micro-CT data
17. Evaluation of micro-tensile bond strengths of composite materials in comparison to their polymerization shrinkage
18. External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light or laser-A systematic review
19. Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites
20. Fatigue testing of enamel bonds with self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems
21. Fluoride release and uptake characteristics, antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation
22. Fracture resistance of all-ceramic zirconia bridges with differing phase stabilizers and quality of sintering
23. In vitro biological response to a light-cured composite when used for cementation of composite inlays
24. Influence of environmental conditions on dental composite flexural properties
25. Initial osteoblast-like cell response to pure titanium and zirconia/alumina ceramics
26. Interphase structure-property relationships in thermoset dimethacrylate nanocomposites
27. Involvement of oxidative stress in mutagenicity and apoptosis caused by dental resin monomers in cell cultures
28. Low shrinkage light curable nanocomposite for dental restorative material
29. Mechanical and fracture behavior of veneer-framework composites for all-ceramic dental bridges
30. Microleakage of porcelain veneer restorations bonded to enamel and dentin
31. Modification of glass fibers to improve reinforcement: A plasma polymerization technique
32. Network structure of Bis-GMA- and UDMA-based resin systems
33. Polymerization shrinkage and contraction stress of dental resin composites
34. Premixed calcium phosphate cements: Synthesis, physical properties, and cell cytotoxicity
35. Residual monomer of reline acrylic resins
36. Resistance to fracture and structural characteristics of different fiber reinforced post systems
37. Review on fluoride-releasing restorative materials-Fluoride release and uptake characteristics,
38. Spectrophotometric and visual evaluation of vital tooth bleaching employing different carbamide peroxide concentrations
39. Stress corrosion cracking of NiTi in artificial saliva
40. Surface microhardness of enamel after different home bleaching procedures
41. Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration
42. The safety of nickel containing dental alloys • Review article
43. Variation of depth of cure and intensity with distance using LED curing lights
44. Water sorption/solubility of dental adhesive resins
Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Amalgam?
JULY.2004.VOL.32.NO.7.CDA.JOURNAL 601
J. Rodway Mackert, Jr., DMD, PhD, and Michael J. Wahl, DDS
Authors / J. Rodway Mackert, Jr., DMD, PhD, is a professor, Section of Dental Materials, School of
Dentistry, at Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.
Michael J. Wahl, DDS, practices dentistry in Wilmington, Del. Amalgam Alternat i ves F
A B S T R A C T
Amalgam has been the material of choice for restoring posterior teeth for more than 100 years. The past 25 years have
witnessed significant advances in restorative materials themselves and in the bonding systems for retaining a
restoration in the prepared tooth. As a result, there has been a shift toward resin composite materials during this
same period because of concerns about the esthetics and biocompatibility of dental amalgam. In addition, other
materials such as glass ionomer cements, ceramic inlays and onlays, and gold alloys have been used as alternatives to
amalgam. This article will review recent studies on the longevity and biocompatibility of these alternatives to dental
amalgam.
For more than 100 years, amalgam has been the material of choice for the filling of posterior teeth. More than 75
percent of dentists surveyed in 2001 placed amalgam. Dentist in the United States placed about 71 million amalgam
restorations versus only about 46 million posterior composite restorations in 1999, about a 60 percent amalgam to 40
percent composite resin ratio.2 Data is limited, but glass ionomer, gold, and ceramic restorations combined probably
comprised about one percent of all fillings placed by United States dentists in 1999. Still, the use of resin
composites and other amalgam alternatives was up sharply over the last decade, and these are likely to surpass the use
of amalgam in coming years both because of perceived cosmetic, clinical, or health issues, or a combination of these.
The amalgam alternatives we will focus on are resin composite, glass ionomer, ceramic, and gold restorations.
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 343-362
Review on fluoride-releasing restorative materials
Fluoride release and uptake characteristics, antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation
Annette Wieganda, b, , , Wolfgang Buchallaa, b and Thomas Attina, b
aDepartment of Operative Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
bClinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zurich, Plattenstr. 11, 8032 Zurich,
Switzerland
Received 31 March 2005; revised 10 November 2005; accepted 10 January 2006. Available online 17 April 2006.
Objectives : The purpose of this article was to review the fluoride release and recharge capabilities, and
antibacterial properties of fluoride-releasing dental restoratives, and discuss the current status concerning the
prevention or inhibition of caries development and progression.
Methods : Information from original scientific full papers or reviews listed in PubMed (search term: fluoride release
AND (restorative OR glass-ionomer OR compomer OR polyacid-modified composite resin OR composite OR amalgam)), published
from 1980 to 2004, was included in the review. Papers dealing with endodontic or orthodontic topics were not taken into
consideration. Clinical studies concerning secondary caries development were only included when performed in split-
mouth design with an observation period of at least three years.
Results : Fluoride-containing dental materials show clear differences in the fluoride release and uptake
characteristics. Short-and long-term fluoride releases from restoratives are related to their matrices, setting
mechanisms and fluoride content and depend on several environmental conditions. Fluoride-releasing materials may act as
a fluoride reservoir and may increase the fluoride level in saliva, plaque and dental hard tissues. However, clinical
studies exhibited conflicting data as to whether or not these materials significantly prevent or inhibit secondary
caries and affect the growth of caries-associated bacteria compared to non-fluoridated restoratives.
Significance : Fluoride release and uptake characteristics depend on the matrices, fillers and fluoride content as well
as on the setting mechanisms and environmental conditions of the restoratives. Fluoride-releasing materials,
predominantly glass-ionomers and compomers, did show cariostatic properties and may affect bacterial metabolism under
simulated cariogenic conditions in vitro. However, it is not proven by prospective clinical studies whether the
incidence of secondary caries can be significantly reduced by the fluoride release of restorative materials.
Keywords: Fluoride release; Fluoride uptake; Restorative; Glass-ionomer cement; Compomer; Polyacid-modified composite
resin; Composite; Amalgam; Antibacterial activity; Caries
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 2-8
A retrospective clinical study on longevity of posterior composite and amalgam restorations
Niek J.M. Opdam, a, , , Ewald M. Bronkhorsta, Joost M. Roetersa and Bas A.C. Loomansa
aDepartment of Cariology and Endodontology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL 6500 HB Nymegen, The Netherlands
Received 29 April 2005; revised 18 November 2005; accepted 28 November 2005. Available online 18 January 2006.
Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the longevity of class I and II amalgam and
composite resin restorations placed in a general practice.
Methods : Patient records of a general practice were used for collecting the data for this study. From the files
longevity and reasons for failure of 2867 class I and II amalgam and composite resin restorations placed in 621
patients by two operators between 1990 and 1997 were recorded in 2002.
Results : 912 amalgam restorations (502 by operator 1 and 410 by operator 2) and 1955 posterior composite resin
restorations (1470 by operator 1 and 485 by operator 2) were placed. One hundred and eighty-two amalgam and 259
posterior composite resin restorations failed during the observation period. The main reasons for failure of the
restorations were caries (34%), endodontic treatment (12%) and fracture of the tooth (13%).
Life tables calculated from the data reveal a survival for composite resin of 91.7% at 5 years and 82.2% at 10 years.
For amalgam the survival is 89.6% at 5 years and 79.2% at 10 years. Cox-regression analysis resulted in a significant
effect of the amount of restored surfaces on the survival of the restorations. No significant effect of operator,
material as well as combination of material and operator was found.
Significance : In the investigated general practice, two dentists obtained comparable longevity for amalgam and
composite resin restorations.
Keywords: Amalgam; Composite; Longevity; Clinical; Class II; Retrospective; Cross-sectional
tensile bond strength protocol (µTBS).
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 71-80
Bonding effectiveness of adhesive luting agents to enamel and dentin
K. Hikitaa, b, B. Van Meerbeeka, J. De Muncka, T. Ikedaa, c, K. Van Landuyta, T. Maidab, P. Lambrechtsa
and M. Peumansa, ,
aLeuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology
and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
bInstitute of Medical Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 2-5 Ainosato, Kita-ku, Sapporo 002-8072, Japan
cSection of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University
Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
Received 18 July 2005; revised 1 December 2005; accepted 1 December 2005. Available online 18 January 2006.
Objectives : The bonding effectiveness of five adhesive luting agents to enamel and dentin using different application
procedures was determined using a micro-tensile bond strength protocol (µTBS).
Methods : Enamel/dentin surfaces of human third molars were flattened using a high-speed diamond bur. Composite resin
blocks (Paradigm, 3 M ESPE) were luted using either Linkmax (LM; GC), Nexus 2 (NX; Kerr), Panavia F (PN; Kuraray),
RelyX Unicem (UN; 3M ESPE) or Variolink II (VL; Ivoclar-Vivadent), strictly following manufacturers’ instructions. For
some luting agents, modified application procedures were also tested, resulting in four other experimental groups:
Prompt L-Pop + RelyX Unicem (PLP + UN; 3 M ESPE), Scotchbond Etchant + RelyX Unicem (SE + UN; 3 M ESPE), Optibond Solo
Plus Activator + Nexus 2 (ACT + NX; Kerr) and K-Etchant gel + Panavia-F (KE + P; Kuraray). The experimental groups were
classified according to the adhesive approach in self-adhesive (UN), etch-and-rinse (ACT + NX, NX, KE + P, SE + UN and
VL when bonded to enamel) and self-etch adhesive luting agents (LM, PLP + UN, PN and VL when bonded to dentin). The
specimens were stored for 24 h in distilled water at 37 °C prior to µTBS testing. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to
determine pairwise statistical differences (p < 0.05) in µTBS between the experimental groups.
Results : When bonded to enamel, ACT + NX (15 MPa) and UN (19.6 MPa) scored significantly lower than VL (49.3 MPa), LM
(49.2 MPa), PN (35.4 MPa) and SE + UN (35.2 MPa), while PLP + UN (23.5 MPa) showed a significantly lower µTBS than VL (
49.3 MPa) and LM (49.2 MPa). No significant differences were noticed between VL (49.3 MPa), LM (49.2 MPa), NX (37.9
MPa), KE + PN (38.8 MPa), PN (35.4 MPa) and SE + UN (35.2 MPa). Regarding the bonding effectiveness to dentin, all
luting agents bonded equally effectively (UN: 15.9 MPa; LM: 15.4 MPa; PN: 17.5 MPa; NX: 22.3 MPa), except VL (1.1 MPa),
SE + UN (5.9 MPa) and ACT + NX (13.2 MPa). VL revealed an exceptionally high number of pre-testing failures, most
likely due to a combined effect of not having cured the adhesive separately and an insufficiently light-cured luting
agent.
Significance : Following a correct application procedure, the etch-and-rinse, self-etch and self-adhesive luting agents
are equally effective in bonding to enamel and dentin. Several factors negatively influenced bond strength such as
bonding RelyX Unicem to enamel without prior phosphoric acid etching; no separate light-curing of a light-polymerizable
adhesive prior to cementation, use of a light-polymerizing adhesive converted into a dual-polymerizing adhesive, and
use of a dual-cure luting agent with a low auto-polymerizable potential.
Keywords: Adhesion; Resin cement; Micro-tensile bond strength; Indirect resin composite; CAD/CAM
Dental Materials
Volume 21, Issue 10, October 2005, Pages 895-910
Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel–dentin adhesives: A systematic review
Norbert Moszner, Ulrich Salz, and Jörg Zimmermann
Research and Development, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
Received 29 March 2005; accepted 10 May 2005. Available online 21 July 2005.
Objectives : The paper gives an overview on the components and the polymer chemical aspects of currently used self-
etching enamel–dentin primers/adhesives. In addition, the contribution of new adhesives monomers and cross-linkers
exhibiting enhanced hydrolytic stability than methacrylates to improve the performance of single-bottle adhesives is
discussed.
Sources : Information from original scientific papers or reviews about enamel–dentin adhesives, the patent literature
concerning dental adhesives and manufacturer information of commercial self-etching adhesives were included in this
review.
Data : The most efficient self-etching enamel–dentin adhesives are based on strongly acidic adhesive monomers,
containing dihydrogenphosphate, phosphonic acids or carboxylic acid groups. Serious problems of single-bottle water-
based, strongly acidic self-etching enamel–dentin adhesives arise both from the hydrolytic instability of the
methacrylate monomers used and the side reaction of the applied initiator components.
Conclusions : The stability of the self-etching enamel–dentin adhesives can be improved by using new acrylic ether
phosphonic acids or mono- or difunctional acrylamides, while more stable and compatible components have to be developed
in the future.
Keywords: Dental adhesives; Hydrolytic stability; Adhesive monomers; Phosphonic acids; Polymerizable phosphates; Cross-
linkers; Methacrylates, bis(acrylamide)s
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 335-342
Modification of glass fibers to improve reinforcement: A plasma polymerization technique
Dilek Çökelilera, Selim Erkutb, Josef Zemekc, Hynek Biedermand and Mehmet Mutlua, e, ,
aPlasma Aided Bioengineering and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, Hacettepe University, Beytepe
Campus, Ankara, Turkey
bDepartment of Prosthodontics, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
cInstitute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
dDepartment of Macromolecular Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
ePlasma Aided Bioengineering and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Bioengineering Division, Institute for Pure and
Applied Sciences, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
Received 19 April 2005; revised 23 October 2005; accepted 5 January 2006. Available online 15 May 2006.
Objectives : This study evaluates the effect of plasma treated E-glass fiber to improve the mechanical properties of
acrylic resin denture base material, polymethylmethacrlyate (PMMA). Plasma surface treatment of fibers is used as
reinforcement in composite materials to modify the chemical and physical properties of their surfaces with tailored
fiber matrix bonding strength.
Methods : Three different types of monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethyleneglycoldimethylether (TEGDME)
and ethylenediamine (EDA) were used in the plasma polymerization modification of glass fibers. A radiofrequency
generator was used to sustain plasma in a glass vacuum chamber. Glass fibers were modified at the same glow-discharge
power of 25 W and exposure time of 30 min for each monomer. Fibers were incorporated into the acrylic with 1% (w/w)
loading except control group. Specimens were prepared using a standard mold of 3 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.8 cm in dimension with
eight specimens in each group. Samples were subjected to a flexural strength test set up at a crosshead speed of 5
mm/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) was used for chemical analysis of the surface.
Results : Data were analyzed by means of ANOVA and Duncan's tests. Test results revealed that fiber reinforcement had a
significant effect on the flexural strength of the specimens (p < 0.05). Among the fiber reinforced groups, plasma
treatment with EDA monomer resulted in the most significant increase in flexural strength values (p < 0.05). XPS
results have shown an increasing number of nitrogenous compounds in EDA treated fibers. The chemical structure of the
surface, especially with the increase in nitrogenous compounds could give an idea for the amine film deposition and SEM
figures showed an increase in surface roughness.
Significance : The results showed that plasma treatment with EDA monomer was an effective alternative method of
increasing the flexural strength of PMMA based denture base polymers through fiber reinforcement.
Keywords: Plasma polymerization; Glow-discharge; E-glass fibers; Ethylendiamine; 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate;
Triethyleneglycoldimethylether; Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC)
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 7, July 2007, Pages 844-854
Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration
L. Le Guéhenneca, A. Soueidana, P. Layrolle, a, and Y. Amouriqa
aInserm U791, LIOAD, Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Dental Surgery, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau,
44042 Nantes cedex 1, France
Received 9 November 2005; revised 9 June 2006; accepted 20 June 2006. Available online 14 August 2006.
The osseointegration rate of titanium dental implants is related to their composition and surface roughness. Rough-
surfaced implants favor both bone anchoring and biomechanical stability. Osteoconductive calcium phosphate coatings
promote bone healing and apposition, leading to the rapid biological fixation of implants. The different methods used
for increasing surface roughness or applying osteoconductive coatings to titanium dental implants are reviewed. Surface
treatments, such as titanium plasma-spraying, grit-blasting, acid-etching, anodization or calcium phosphate coatings,
and their corresponding surface morphologies and properties are described. Most of these surfaces are commercially
available and have proven clinical efficacy (>95% over 5 years). The precise role of surface chemistry and topography
on the early events in dental implant osseointegration remain poorly understood. In addition, comparative clinical
studies with different implant surfaces are rarely performed. The future of dental implantology should aim to develop
surfaces with controlled and standardized topography or chemistry. This approach will be the only way to understand the
interactions between proteins, cells and tissues, and implant surfaces. The local release of bone stimulating or
resorptive drugs in the peri-implant region may also respond to difficult clinical situations with poor bone quality
and quantity. These therapeutic strategies should ultimately enhance the osseointegration process of dental implants
for their immediate loading and long-term success.
Keywords: Osseointegration; Dental implants; Surface roughness; Nano-sized topography; Biomimetic calcium phosphate
coating
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 243-250
Surface microhardness of enamel after different home bleaching procedures
Catharina Zantnera, , , Nils Beheim-Schwarzbacha, Konrad Neumannb and Andrej M. Kielbassaa
aDepartment of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University School of Dental Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin,
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
bDepartment of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology,
Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Received 29 July 2005; revised 31 March 2006; accepted 20 June 2006. Available online 15 November 2006.
Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different home bleaching procedures on surface
microhardness of human enamel.
Methods : Among eight groups 192 incisors were distributed. The facial surface of each incisor was polished and
baseline hardness of enamel (m0; Knoop) was assessed with a load of 1 N for 30 s. Subsequently, the enamel was treated
for 14 days with the bleaching agent: groups 1, 2 and 4 Viva Style Paint on, 8% carbamide peroxide (CP) 1 × 20 min, 2 ×
20 min and 2 × 5 min; group 3 Colgate Simply White, 5.9% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 2 × 30 min; group 5 Viva Style 10% CP
1 × 1 h; group 6 Blend-a-med White Strips, 5.9% HP 2 × 30 min; group 7 Odol-med3 Beauty-Kur, sodium chlorite 2 × 10
min; group 8 control, running water 1 × 1 h. Hardness was reassessed after the last bleaching treatment (m1) and after
6 weeks storage in artificial saliva (m2).
Results : Changes in microhardness were as follows (m0–m1): (1) -2.3 (±20.3); (2) -8.9 (±27.2); (3) 63.4 (±56.3); (4)
9.6 (±30.1); (5) 12.8 (±62.6); (6) 92.2 (±50.2); (7) 158.4 (±59.7); (8) 10.6 (±38.5). Statistical analysis showed that
hardness values were significantly (p = 0.0005; Wilcoxon test) reduced in groups 3, 6, and 7 (m1) and in group 7 (m2).
Significance : Both type of bleaching agent and concentration have a significant influence on the microhardness of
enamel. The most critical bleaching agent seems to be the one containing sodium chlorite in combination with citric
acid.
Keywords: Chlorite; Dental enamel; Hardness; Peroxides; Tooth bleaching
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 265-271
Resistance to fracture and structural characteristics of different fiber reinforced post systems
Frank Seefelda, Hans-Jürgen Wenz, a, , Klaus Ludwiga and Matthias Kerna
aDepartment of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel,
Germany
Received 30 September 2005; accepted 18 January 2006. Available online 6 March 2006.
Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure and resistance to fracture of eight different
types of fiber post, and to verify the existence of a correlation between structural characteristics and flexural
strength.
Methods : Eight types of fiber post were selected for this study. Fiber Kor (Jeneric-Pentron), Para Post Fiber White
(Colténe), Luscent Anchor (Dentatus), Twin-Luscent Anchor (Dentatus), Style Post (Metalor), DT White-Post (VDW), DT
Light-Post (VDW) and ER Dentin Post (Brasseler). Ten posts of each experimental group were selected for a three-point
bending test, and one was processed for SEM evaluation. A universal testing machine loading at an angle of 90° was
employed for the three-point bending test. The test was carried out until fracturing of the post. After fracture
testing, the posts with the highest and the lowest values of flexural strength of each system were additionally
processed for SEM analysis. SEM evaluation was performed using a PC-measurement program to assess the fiber/matrix
ratio and fiber dimensions.
Results : The fracture load of the tested systems ranged from 60 to 96 N and the flexural strength from 565 to 898 MPa.
DT White-Post and DT Light-Post (898 and 842 MPa, respectively) had significantly higher flexural strengths than the
other posts. Style Post (565 MPa) showed a significantly lower flexural strength than all other posts. The differences
in fiber diameter ranged from 8.2 to 21 µm and for the fiber/matrix ratio from 41 to 76%. Of the various structural
characteristics investigated, only the fiber/matrix ratio showed a significant correlation to the flexural strength (r
= 0.922, p = 0.003).
Significance : The FRC-posts investigated displayed significant differences with regard to fracture load and flexural
strength. A strong and significant linear correlation between the fiber/matrix ratio and the flexural strength was
found.
Keywords: FRC-post; Fiber/matrix Ratio; Structural characteristics; Interface; SEM-evaluation
Dental Materials
Volume 23, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 433-441
Premixed calcium phosphate cements: Synthesis, physical properties, and cell cytotoxicity
Hockin H.K. Xua, , , Lisa E. Careya, 1, Carl G. Simon, Jr.b, Shozo Takagia and Laurence C. Chowa
aAmerican Dental Association Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8546, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA
bPolymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA
Received 27 October 2005; revised 9 February 2006; accepted 23 February 2006. Available online 6 May 2006.
Objectives : Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising material for dental, periodontal, and craniofacial repairs.
However, its use requires on-site powder–liquid mixing that increases the surgical placement time and raises concerns
of insufficient and inhomogeneous mixing. The objective of this study was to determine a formulation of premixed CPC
(PCPC) with rapid setting, high strength, and good in vitro cell viability.
Methods : PCPCs were formulated from CPC powder + non-aqueous liquid + gelling agent + hardening accelerator. Five
PCPCs were thus developed: PCPC-Tartaric, PCPC-Malonic, PCPC-Citric, PCPC-Glycolic, and PCPC-Malic. Formulations and
controls were compared for setting time, diametral tensile strength, and osteoblast cell compatibility.
Results : Setting time (mean ± S.D.; n = 4) for PCPC-Tartaric was 8.2 ± 0.8 min, significantly less than the 61.7 ± 1.5
min for the Premixed Control developed previously (p < 0.001). On 7th day immersion, the diametral tensile strength of
PCPC-Tartaric reached 6.5 ± 0.8 MPa, higher than 4.5 ± 0.8 MPa of Premixed Control (p = 0.036). Osteoblast cells
displayed a polygonal morphology and attached to the nano-hydroxyapatite crystals in the PCPCs. All cements had similar
live cell density values (p = 0.126), indicating that the new PCPCs were as cell compatible as a non-premixed CPC
control known to be biocompatible. Each of the new PCPCs had a cell viability that was not significantly different (p >
0.1) from that of the non-premixed CPC control.
Significance : PCPCs will eliminate the powder liquid mixing during surgery and may also improve the cement
performance. The new PCPCs supported cell attachment and yielded a high cell density and viability. Their mechanical
strengths approached the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. These nano-
crystalline hydroxyapatite cements may be useful in dental, periodontal, and craniofacial repairs.
Keywords: Premixed calcium phosphate cement; Hydroxyapatite; Osteoblast cytotoxicity; Dental restorations; Craniofacial
repair
Dental Materials
Volume 21, Issue 9, September 2005, Pages 864-881
Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: A systematic review of current clinical trials
M. Peumans, , P. Kanumilli, J. De Munck, K. Van Landuyt, P. Lambrechts and B. Van Meerbeek
Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-
facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Received 2 September 2004; revised 8 December 2004; accepted 8 February 2005. Available online 11 July 2005.
Objectives : The purpose of this paper was to review current literature on the clinical effectiveness of contemporary
adhesives when used to restore cervical non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration retention in function of time was
recorded in order to find out if adhesives with a simplified application procedure are as clinically effective as
conventional three-step adhesives.
Data sources : Literature published from January 1998 up to May 2004 was reviewed for university-centred clinical
trials that tested the clinical effectiveness of adhesives in non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration–retention rates
per adhesive reported in peer-reviewed papers as well as IADR AADR abstracts and ConsEuro abstracts were included and
depicted as a function of time in graphs for each of the five adhesive classes (three- and two-step etch-and-rinse
adhesives, two- and one-step self-etch adhesives, and glass ionomers). The guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive
materials advanced by the American Dental Association were used as a reference. Per class, the annual failure rate (%)
was calculated. Kruskal Wallis analysis and Dwass Steel Chritchlow Fligner pairwise comparisons were used to determine
statistical differences between the annual failure percentages of the five adhesive categories.
Results : Comparison of retention of class-V adhesive restorations as a measure to determine clinical bonding
effectiveness of adhesives revealed that glass ionomers most effectively and durably bond to tooth tissue. Three-step
etch-and-rinse adhesives and two-step self-etch adhesives showed a clinically reliable and predictably good clinical
performance. The clinical effectiveness of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives was less favourable, while an inefficient
clinical performance was noted for the one-step self-etch adhesives.
Significance : Although there is a tendency towards adhesives with simplified application procedures, simplification so
far appears to induce loss of effectiveness. Clinical performance can be correlated with, and predicted by, appropriate
types of laboratory study.
Keywords: Adhesives; Clinical trial; Non-carious cervival lesion; Clinical effectiveness; Classification; Systematic review
Microleakage of porcelain veneer restorations bonded to enamel and dentin with a new self-adhesive resin-based dental cement
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 218-225
Ibarra, G.; Johnson, G.H.; Geurtsen, W.; Vargas, M.A.
Color changes of resin composites in the reflectance and transmittance modes
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 March 2007, Pages 259-264
Lee, Y.K.; Powers, J.M.
Stress corrosion cracking of NiTi in artificial saliva
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 133-137
Wang, J.; Li, N.; Rao, G.; Han, E.h.; Ke, W.
Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites: A systematic review
Dental Materials, Volume 21, Issue 10, 1 October 2005, Pages 962-970
Braga, R.R.; Ballester, R.Y.; Ferracane, J.L.
Effect of in-office tooth bleaching on the microhardness of six dental esthetic restorative materials
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 153-158
Polydorou, O.; Monting, J.S.; Hellwig, E.; Auschill, T.M.
Cyclic fatigue in water of veneer-framework composites for all-ceramic dental bridges
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 177-185
Studart, A.R.; Filser, F.; Kocher, P.; Luthy, H.; Gauckler, L.J.
A statistical evaluation of microtensile bond strength methodology for dental adhesives
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 March 2007, Pages 385-391
Eckert, G.J.; Platt, J.A.
Mechanical and fracture behavior of veneer-framework composites for all-ceramic dental bridges
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 115-123
Studart, A.R.; Filser, F.; Kocher, P.; Luthy, H.; Gauckler, L.J.
Characterization of nanofilled compared to universal and microfilled composites
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 51-59
Beun, S.; Glorieux, T.; Devaux, J.; Vreven, J.; Leloup, G.
External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light or laser-A systematic review
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 5, 1 May 2007, Pages 586-596
Buchalla, W.; Attin, T.
Efficient 3D finite element analysis of dental restorative procedures using micro-CT data
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 5, 1 May 2007, Pages 539-548
Magne, P.
Fracture resistance of all-ceramic zirconia bridges with differing phase stabilizers and quality of sintering
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 8, 1 August 2006, Pages 778-784
Sundh, A.; Sjogren, G.
Spectrophotometric and visual evaluation of vital tooth bleaching employing different carbamide peroxide concentrations
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 165-169
Braun, A.; Jepsen, S.; Krause, F.
Initial osteoblast-like cell response to pure titanium and zirconia/alumina ceramics
Dental Materials
Ko, H.C.; Han, J.S.; Bachle, M.; Jang, J.H.; Shin, S.W.; Kim, D.J.
Residual monomer of reline acrylic resins
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 March 2007, Pages 363-368
Urban, V.M.; Machado, A.L.; Oliveira, R.V.; Vergani, C.E.; Pavarina, A.C.; Cass, Q.B.
Fatigue testing of enamel bonds with self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 981-987
Erickson, R.L.; De Gee, A.J.; Feilzer, A.J.
The safety of nickel containing dental alloys
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 1163-1168
Setcos, J.C.; Babaei-Mahani, A.; Silvio, L.D.; Mjor, I.A.; Wilson, N.H.F.
Variation of depth of cure and intensity with distance using LED curing lights
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 988-994
Aravamudhan, K.; Rakowski, D.; Fan, P.L.
Network structure of Bis-GMA- and UDMA-based resin systems
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 1143-1149
Floyd, C.J.E.; Dickens, S.H.
In vitro biological response to a light-cured composite when used for cementation of composite inlays
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 1081-1085
Annunziata, M.; Aversa, R.; Apicella, A.; Annunziata, A.; Apicella, D.; Buonaiuto, C.; Guida, L.
Polymerization shrinkage and contraction stress of dental resin composites
Dental Materials, Volume 21, Issue 12, 1 December 2005, Pages 1150-1157
Kleverlaan, C.J.; Feilzer, A.J.
Involvement of oxidative stress in mutagenicity and apoptosis caused by dental resin monomers in cell cultures
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 1086-1092
Lee, D.H.; Lim, B.S.; Lee, Y.K.; Ahn, S.J.; Yang, H.C.
Review on fluoride-releasing restorative materials-Fluoride release and uptake characteristics
antibacterialactivity and influence on caries formation
Dental Materials, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 March 2007, Pages 343-362
Wiegand, A.; Buchalla, W.; Attin, T.
A comparison of three different methods for the quantification of the in vitro wear of dental materials
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 1051-1062
Heintze, S.D.; Cavalleri, A.; Forjanic, M.; Zellweger, G.; Rousson, V.
Water sorption/solubility of dental adhesive resins
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 10, 1 October 2006, Pages 973-980
Malacarne, J.; Carvalho, R.M.; de Goes, M.F.; Svizero, N.; Pashley, D.H.; Tay, F.R.; Yiu, C.K.; Carrilho, M.R.d.O.
Effect of temperature on the silane coupling agents when bonding core resin to quartz fiber posts
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 1024-1028
Monticelli, F.; Toledano, M.; Osorio, R.; Ferrari, M.
Effect of mechanical cycling on the flexural strength of densely sintered ceramics
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 1029-1034
Itinoche, K.M.; Ozcan, M.; Bottino, M.A.; Oyafuso, D.
Influence of environmental conditions on dental composite flexural properties
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 1002-1007
Walker, M.P.; Haj-Ali, R.; Wang, Y.; Hunziker, D.; Williams, K.B.
Low shrinkage light curable nanocomposite for dental restorative material
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 2, 1 February 2006, Pages 138-145
Chen, M.H.; Chen, C.R.; Hsu, S.H.; Sun, S.P.; Su, W.F.
Evaluation of micro-tensile bond strengths of composite materials in comparison to their polymerization shrinkage
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 7, 1 July 2006, Pages 593-601
Ilie, N.; Kunzelmann, K.H.; Hickel, R.
Interphase structure-property relationships in thermoset dimethacrylate nanocomposites
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2006, Pages 995-1001
Wilson, K.S.; Antonucci, J.M.
Effects of etching time of primary dentin on interface morphology and microtensile bond strength
Dental Materials, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 1121-1129
Bolanos-Carmona, V.; Gonzalez-Lopez, S.; Briones-Lujan, T.; De Haro-Munoz, C.; de la Macorra, J.C.
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