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Hematocrap pathology questions and answers - Page 4

Hematocrap pathology
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Question Answer
What are the most common leukemias? Acute LymphoBLASTIC leukemia (ALL); Acute Myelogenous leukemia (AML); Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); Chronic LymphoCYTIC leukemia (CLL)
What are the two major types of leukemias? myeloid (granulocytic-monocytic) and lymphoid (lymphocytic)
Flow cytometry and cluster of differentiation are lab procdures to detect what? leukemias
As a result of leukemia, what lab findings do you find in the PERIPHERAL blood? immature blood cells (due to pancytopenia in the marrow)
What is the most common eventual cause of death in patients w/ leukemias? uncontrollable infection
Why does anemia, recurrent infection and bleeding occur in leukemia, a WBC disorder? because the malignant cells overtake the RBC, WBC and platelet precursors in the marrow
T or F: most cases of luekemias are caused by HTLV-1. False; most cases are unknown
What clotting factor is congenitally deficient in Hemophilia A? Factor VIII
Hemophilia A & B are what type of bleeding disorders? congenital clotting factor defeiciency
What are 2 anticoagulants that inhibit coagulation factor production? Heparin and Warfarin
DIC is responsible for what clotting factor disease? Acquired, excessive consumption of platelets
What does the anticoagulant coumadin do? prevents vitamin K utilization in the liver (decreases clotting factors)
Why is chronic liver disease also known as hypofibrinogenemia Because fibrinogen is the most abundant clotting factor produced in the liver
Why does chronic liver disease cause inadequate production of clotting factors? All clotting factors (except von willenbrand's factor) are produced in the liver, thus, liver disease will cause a decrease in these
________ clotting factor deficiencies are caused by inadequte production, excessive consumption, inhibition by anticoagulants. Acquired
Aspirin, NSAIDS, ESRD (accumulation of metabolites) and Plavix all lead to ___________ qualitative (acquired) platelet related bleeding disorder
Two forms of Qualitative platelet bleeding disorders: Acquired; congenital
DIC (yes, that's right), (Shock, infection tumors, injured endothelial cells, activation of coagulation system, widespread thrombi, fibrinolysis, bleeding) all contribute to __________. Increased platelet loss (via CONSUMPTION)
Hypersplenism leads to _____________. increased platelet loss (via REMOVAL)
Autoimmune destruction, SLE, HIV,Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, all contribute to _________. increased platelet loss (via DESTRUCTION)
Aplastic anemia, leukemia, infecious agents (ie rubella), and drugs (interfere w/ megakaryocytes) are contributory to ______________. decreased platelet production
The etiology of this disease is: Decreased production of platelets, Increased loss of platelets thrombocytopenia
Petechiae, and ecchymoses (skin+mucous membranes) are signs of what bleeding disorder? thrombocytopenia
What occurs when platelet levels reach below 20,000/mm3? Sponaneous bleeding, elevated bleeding time
What platelet level characterizes thrombocytopenia? <100,000/mm3
This type of bleeding disorder can be qualitative or quantitative Platelet-related bleeding disorders
What bleeding disorder? Petechiae & eccymoses, skin, mucous membranes, after minor trauma/spontaneously; normal platelet count, PT & PTT bleeding time Vessel wall weakness & immune-related bleeding disorder
What bleeding disorder? Autoimmune vasculitidies, allergic drugs rxns. Immune mechanisms
Scurvy, Amyloid, chronic systemic steroid use, inherited conditions infectious causes, and aging can all cause what type of bleeding disorder? Vascular disorder
What are 3 mechanisms of vascular bleeding disorders? Trauma, Vessel wall weakness, immune mechanisms
What is the international normalized ratio (INR)? PT/reference lab control plasma (normal = 1.0, elevated # equals clotting problem)
Increased PTT is shown with a defect of factors __,___,___,___,___,___,prothrombin, fibrinogen or acquired antibody that interferes with intrinsic pathway. V,VIII (especially, emphasized in class!), IX, X, XI, XII
Assesses the integrity of the INTRINSIC and common clotting pathways PTT
What lab evaluation? Time required for plasma to clot Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Deficiency of factors V, VII, or X, prothrombin, or fibrinogen is a diagnosis of ____________ Prothrombin time (PT) increased
What lab evaluation? Tests adequacy of Extrinsic and common coagulation pathways PT (prothrombin time)
What lab evaluation? Time needed for plasma to clot in presence of exogenous source of thromboplastin and calcium PT (prothrombin time)
What is the normal platelet count? 150,000-450,000 platelets/mm3
Which laboratory evaluation? In vivo assessment of platelet response to vascular injury, normal=several minutes, elevated=defect in platelet # or function Bleeding Time
What disease? Bone destruction, punched out radiolucencies, soft tissue lesions, children. Langerhans cell histiocytosis
What other variants of Multiple myeloma are there? solitary myeloma, extramedullary plasmacytoma (soft tissue), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
What disease? Lab findings: monoclonal Ig spike, Bence-Jones Protein, Abnormal plasma cells, amyloid deposition, light chain proteinuria multiple myeloma
What disease? Bone pain & destruction, hypercalcemia, metastatic calcification, renal damage, bone fractures Multiple myeloma
What disease? Adults (45-50 yrs), NOT in children, bone destruction, punched out radiolucencies Multiple myeloma
What WBC disorder involves malignant plasma cells? Multiple myeloma
T or F: bone marrow biopsy must be performed to confirm diagnosis of leukemia true
Desmopressin, factor VIII, XI concentrates are used in hospital based Tx for patients with _____________ hemophilia
For warfarin patients, INR must be below __________for minor surgeries 2.5-3.5
________ heparin patients must be hospitalized for Tx, while __________ heparin patients are generally not a concern standard; low molecular weight
T or F: Plavix is a concern for inc. bleeding during Tx FALSE